Electroacupuncture Regulates TRPV1 through PAR2/PKC Pathway to Alleviate Visceral Hypersensitivity in FD Rats.

Visceral hypersensitivity (VH) is the predominant pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia (FD). Duodenal hypersensitivity along with nausea further reduces the comfort level in gastric balloon dilatation and inhibits gastric receptive relaxation. The potential mechanism behind electroacupuncture- (EA-) mediated alleviation of VH has not been elucidated. In an FD rat model with tail clamping stress, iodine acetamide (IA) induced VH. The rats were treated with EA with or without PAR2 antagonist FSLLRY-NH2, and the body weight, gastric sensitivity, compliance, and gastrointestinal motility were determined. Mast cells and activated degranulation were stained with toluidine blue (TB) staining and visualized under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of PAR2, PKC, and TRPV1 in the duodenum and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and that of CGRP, SP in DRG, and c-fos in the spinal cord. EA alone and EA + antagonist enhanced the gastrointestinal motility but diminished the expression of TRPV1, CGRP, SP, and c-fos-downstream of PAR2/PKC pathway and alleviated VH in FD rats. However, there was no obvious superposition effect between the antagonists and EA + antagonists. The effect of EA alone was better than that of antagonists and EA + antagonists 2 alone. EA-induced amelioration of VH in FD rats was mediated by TRPV1 regulation through PAR2/PKC pathway. This protective mechanism involved several pathways and included several targets.

Immunoreactivity and neutralization study of Chinese Bungarus multicinctus antivenin and lab-prepared anti-bungarotoxin antisera towards purified bungarotoxins and snake venoms.

Bungarus multicinctus is the most venomous snake distributed in China and neighboring countries of Myanmar, Laos, north Vietnam and Thailand. The high mortality rate of B. multicinctus envenomation is attributed to the lethal components of α-, ß-, γ- and κ- bungarotoxins contained in the venom. Although anti-B. multicinctus sera were produced in Shanghai, Taiwan and Vietnam, the most widely clinic used product was term as B. multicinctus antivenin and manufactured by Shanghai Serum Bio-technology Co. Ltd. In the present investigation, high purity α-, ß- and γ-bungarotoxins were separately isolated from B. multicinctus crude venom. Rabbit anti- α-, ß- and γ-bungarotoxin antisera were prepared by common methods, respectively. LD50 values of α-, ß- and γ-bungarotoxins were systematically determined via three administration pathways (intraperitoneal, intramuscular and intravenous injections) in Kunming mice. LD50 values of ß-bungarotoxin were closely related with injection routines but those of both α- and γ-bungarotoxins were not dependent on the injection routines. Commercial B. multicinctus antivenin showed strong immunoreaction with high molecular weight fractions of the B. multicinctus but weakly recognized low molecular weight fractions like α- and γ-bungarotoxins. Although B. multicinctus antivenin showed immunoreaction with high molecular weight fractions of Bungarus fasciatus, Naja atra, Ophiophagus hannah venoms but the antivenin only demonstrated animal protection efficacy against O. hannah venom. These results indicated that the high molecular weight fractions of the O. hannah played an important role in venom lethality but those of B. fasciatus and N. atra did not have such a role.

Expression and significance of MMP-9 and MDM2 in the oncogenesis of lung cancer in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) in the oncogenesis of lung cancer in rats and to explore their clinical value. METHODS: A total of 140 rats were selected, of which 20 were selected randomly as the control group; and the remaining 120 as the observation group. The observation group was injected with benzopyrene to establish diseases model such as tissue proliferation, abnormal proliferation and lung cancer. Detected the MMP-9 levels of lung tissue by enzyme-linked assay, detected the MDM2 levels of lung tissue by immunochemistry assay. RESULTS: The MMP-9 and MDM2 expression of the lung cancer group and the abnormal proliferation group were significantly higher than that in the tissue proliferation group and the control group, the difference was significant (P<0.05). And the MDM2 expression of the tissue proliferation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, the difference was significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the MMP-9 expression between the tissue proliferation group and the control group (P>0.05). The MDM2 and MMP-9 expression were increased in turn in the small cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The MMP-9 and MDM2 expressions of stage III and stage IV lung cancer tissue in rats were significant higher than that during stage I and stage II, the difference was significant (P<0.05). There was no significantly different in the MMP-9 and MDM2 expressions between stage III and stage IV(P>0.05), and there is no significant difference of the MMP-9 and MDM2 expressions between stage I and stage II(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of MMP-9 and MDM2 in lung tissue was associated with lung disease and lung cancer, both of them may be involved in the development and metastasis of lung cancer. Combined detection can be used as therapy and prognostic indicators for lung cancer.